SOUTH ORANGE, NJ — Some members of the South Orange Board of Trustees were displeased following a presentation from the Board of Health recommending that the village not pursue Trap-Neuter-Release, in which feral cats are caught, spayed or neutered, vaccinated, and returned whence they came.
After giving a PowerPoint presentation and addressing the BOT, the BOH members said they did not think TNR would be helpful in South Orange — and could even be harmful. The three BOH representatives at the meeting — President Dr. David Pitman, Dr. David Thomas and Dean Kameros of Novartis — emphasized multiple times that, as members of the Board of Health, their main concern is the safety and health of South Orange’s residents. So, while caring for cats is important to them, it takes a backseat to South Orange residents’ quality of life.
“I’m a cat lover,” Thomas said at the meeting. “I’ve had cats pretty much my entire life and I’m not going to come up here and take any kind of a pro-euthanasia stance, so everybody can go ahead and relax about that. But I’m very concerned that this, as a solution, really doesn’t seem to work when we look at it from the position of taking the health of the community as the most important issue.”
“The township comes first. Our love is for the citizens,” Pitman agreed. “I love my neighbors more than I love my cats.”
Before explaining why they were against TNR, the BOH representatives explained some of the issues surrounding feral cats, which was met with pushback from audience members.
According to the BOH, feral cats, which are defined as cats that have escaped from a domestic or captive environment and now live as wild animals, are dangerous to the public because of the various zoonotic diseases they carry and can transfer to humans. Chief among those diseases are rabies, toxoplasmosis, ringworm and cat-scratch fever, which Thomas himself said he had contracted as a child.
Cats, both feral and domestic, are susceptible to contracting rabies, which has no cure and is nearly always fatal. The BOH representatives pointed out that South Orange has had two recent incidents of raccoons testing positive for rabies, one in October 2014 and the other in May 2015. They also reminded the audience and BOT that cats are more likely than dogs to contract rabies, with domestic and feral cats accounting for 90 percent of the domestic animal rabies cases in New Jersey since 1989.
Pitman added that, just because an animal is vaccinated against rabies, does not mean they will always be immune; just as with many other immunizations, boosters are required. Cats who have gone through TNR are ear-tipped, but it can be difficult then to keep them rabies-free as the ear-tipping doesn’t show whether they are due for boosters.
Additionally, contact with cat feces can infect humans with toxoplasmosis, which can have serious adverse effects on human fetuses and immunocompromised humans. According to the Centers for Disease Control, scientists have found a link between toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia.
“Rabies is horrible. We don’t want our citizens to get rabies, or a pregnant citizen to contract toxoplasmosis from handling cats,” Pitman said. “We don’t want our citizens, even our very well-intentioned citizens who like TNR, to be hurt through contact with a diseased animal.”
“I believe that these diseases are so devastating that, even a single person getting infected, is just simply not a good enough trade,” Thomas said. “Until we can 100-percent guarantee the safety of the township, I don’t think we can implement this.”
But several audience members, including Union veterinarian Karen Negrin, who is an animal control officer in Morristown, found the disease argument to be flimsy, as housecats can also contract rabies and toxoplasmosis. In fact, as toxoplasmosis is transmitted through feces, cat owners are more likely to contract it from emptying their cat’s litterbox. Negrin also pointed out that a lot of people have already been exposed to toxoplasmosis. As for rabies, Negrin was clear that, while cats can contract rabies and thereby pass it on, they are not carriers of the illness. In her many years as a veterinarian, Negrin said she has never seen a cat with rabies, but does see raccoons and bats with the illness.
Beyond disease, the BOH explained that feral cats can negatively impact the environment, hunting native species and competing for food with other native species. Additionally, feral cats are a nuisance, as they often become loud and spray pungent territory-marking liquids when they are mating.
Negrin pointed out, however, that removing cats can also affect an ecosystem, especially one that has adapted to having feral cats. She said that in Union, where TNR is not done, the mouse and rat populations have increased with the removal of cats.
After looking at the negatives of keeping feral cats around, the BOH looked at TNR and it simply does not believe that TNR works, stating that they do not believe there are enough credible scientific papers supporting TNR, and that many organizations, such as PETA and the NJ Association of County and City Health Officials, oppose TNR.
Several audience members disagreed with the BOH’s appraisal of TNR, saying that it has certainly worked in their towns. Len Twist of Kearny, who helps run that municipality’s TNR program, said that from November through December 2014, the town saw a 50-percent reduction in feral cats; in the first quarter of 2015, they saw a 60-percent reduction; and in the second quarter of 2015, they saw a 54-percent reduction.
Judy Stier of West Orange added that, although her township has only been using TNR for six weeks, they have already trapped 17 cats and 12 kittens. West Orange is currently poised to adopt TNR, but its legislative body has not yet passed the ordinance to do so.
Nevertheless, the BOH stated that TNR does not reduce the risk of disease transmission or even reduce the feral cat population, citing the fact that the cats would be returned; that not nearly enough cats could reasonably be sterilized to prevent population growth and even decrease it; and that with residents feeding cats, cats from neighboring towns could potentially move in.
According to the BOH’s presentation, a successful TNR program would need to sterilize between 71 and 94 percent of an area’s cats, “levels that are rarely reached in real-world scenarios.”
Trustee Walter Clarke questioned this aspect however, asking: “Isn’t neutering a step in the right direction? Doesn’t it eventually achieve the goal?”
But Kameros was quick to point out that animals from other towns could immigrate to South Orange. He also added that it would work if all the feral cats could be caught, but that not nearly enough could be caught and, with the relaxation of feeding bans, South Orange would become a more attractive locale for the animals, thereby increasing the feral cat population.
Trustee Mark Rosner asked if this problem could be averted if all nearby towns orchestrated their TNR efforts, but the BOH representatives simply said no to that.
They added that TNR does not protect the cats that are returned, and that those cats will still face the grim future of predation, automobile accidents, disease, freezing to death and starvation.
The BOH also argued that TNR programs foster less responsible domestic cat ownership. Kameros argued that if residents know feral cats are being cared for, they are more likely to put out unwanted pets.
Negrin suggested a fine for owners caught abandoning cats outside, as is done in Morristown. She did concede, however, that it can be difficult to catch pet owners in the act.
The Board of Health reps maintained that feral cats are not currently a huge problem in South Orange. But, if TNR were to be implemented, Kameros asked, “Would a problem be created where there isn’t one now?”
Village President Sheena Collum disagreed with Kameros though. “I think we’re ignoring the problem,” Collum said, adding that although only five feral cats are picked up by animal control each month, she can point to five feral cats just on her block.
In the end the BOH recommended that, instead of implementing a TNR program, the village should continue to require licensing of all cats; consider microchipping cats in the future; encourage cat owners to keep their cats indoors, in an enclosure or on a leash; continue to prohibit public feeding and sheltering; continue to enforce the maximum number of pets; prevent the establishment of managed cat colonies in wildlife-sensitive ecosystems; and increase public education and awareness.
The BOH believes that capturing cats and working to adopt them out is still the best cat-management policy. They maintain that, until they see more scientific evidence that TNR works, they cannot recommend it.
But Collum remained unconvinced and asked the Board of Health to continue considering the matter and to look at any information the public should send them either for or against TNR.
“If people come and have good ideas, of course we’ll listen to them,” Pitman said.
Clarke also reminded residents that there are many levels of gray to this issue. “Don’t buy into the false dichotomy that you’re either pro-TNR or pro-Board of Health.”
The Board of Health will meet again Thursday, Sept. 17, at 7:30 p.m. and residents are invited to share their opinions and ideas. The meeting will likely be held at the temporary village offices on the third floor of 76 South Orange Ave., but may be moved to a larger venue if enough residents express interest in attending.
And Collum urged residents to speak to the BOH. She said that she could not understand how more than 150 municipalities have made TNR work and how organizations like Sustainable Jersey can support TNR, and yet the BOH says TNR does not work.
Collum questioned why, if TNR does not work, townships like Maplewood, Millburn, Livingston, West Caldwell, Verona, Montclair, Bloomfield and Nutley have implemented it. “Is it that because of political pressure they caved? Are they making bad public health decisions for their towns? Do they not get it and we do?
“I’ve spoken to six mayors now; they’re claiming it’s a success. It’s better. It’s better at controlling the population. In some instances, it’s cheaper,” Collum continued.
The one thing that the Board of Health, the Board of Trustees and the audience could agree on is that something must be done, because current feral cat feeding bans and requirements to have all housecats licensed is not doing the job.